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Culdees
The Culdees ((アイルランド語:Céli Dé), "Companions of God") were members of ascetic Christian monastic and eremitical communities of Ireland, Scotland, and England in the Middle Ages. The etymology of the term, the persons designated by it, their origin, their doctrines, the rule or rules under which they lived and the limits of their authority and privileges have all been matters of controversy. All admit, however, that (in the beginning at all events) the Culdees were separated from the mass of the faithful, that their lives were devoted to religion and that they lived in community. Appearing first in Ireland and subsequently in Scotland, attached to cathedral or collegiate churches, they lived in monastic fashion though not taking monastic vows.〔(D'Alton, Edward. "Culdees." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 13 April 2015 )〕 From the 12th century Scottish and Irish Christianity was regulated on the Roman pattern and in the process the Culdees also lost any distinctiveness they may formerly have had and were brought under canonical rule.
==Name==
According to Philip Schaff, the term Culdee or Ceile De, or Kaledei, first appears in the eighth century. While "giving rise to much controversy and untenable theories", it probably means servants or worshippers of God.〔(Schaff, Philip. "The Culdees", ''History of the Christian Church'', Vol.IV )〕 It was applied to anchorites, who, in entire seclusion from society, sought the perfection of sanctity. They afterwards associated themselves into communities of hermits, and were finally brought under canonical rule along with the secular clergy, until at length the name of Culdee became almost synonymous with that of secular canon.
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